underwater photography of great white sharks, dolphins, divers and other marine life by Stephen Brunson
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Scuba Divers and Coral Reefs
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Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus or SCUBA, independent of diving suits, has been developed for skin diving. It differs from the conventional diving suit in that it is designed for swimming, whereas the more cumbersome type is suitable only for walking on ocean floors      One form of SCUBA apparatus, a lightweight breathing mask operating on the same principle as the self-contained diving suit, was used during World War II by underwater demolition teams to clear away mines and other obstacles before amphibious landings      At present, the most popular form is the aqualung designed in France during World War II by the French naval officer and underwater explorer Jacques Yves Cousteau      Today's divers usually plan their dive and then dive their plan to make scuba diving more enjoyable and safe for all the divers      Buddy diving is very important for the safety and enjoyment of scuba diving. For instance, if there is an equipment malfunction with the divers regulator, the buddy diver can assist in the emergency by providing his buddy with air, instead of making an emergency ascent

This photo was taken in Fiji, in the South Pacific. A picture type I refer to as      This photo was taken in Roatan, in the Caribbean. A picture type I refer to as      Coral reefs are complete ecosystems with well-defined structures that involve both photosynthetic plants and consumers      The outer layer of a reef consists of living polyps of coral. Within the coral animals live single-celled, round, yellow algae called zooxanthellae. Below and surrounding the polyps is a calcareous skeleton, both lving and dead, that contains filament green algae      Other species of algae, both fleshy and calcareous, grow in the surface of old skeletal deposits. These algae and other associated plants make up most of the primary producers

The photosynthetic zooxanthellae and the filamentous green algae apparently transfer some food energy directly to the coral polyps      Coral animals, in turn, feed at night on zooplankton, which they capture with their tentacles      Coral animals prey on zooplankton not so much for the calories but for the scarce nutrients, especially phosphorous      Through digestion, coral animals release these nutrients to the algae      This photo was taken in Fiji, in the South Pacific. A picture type I refer to as

This photograph was taken in Roatan at Anthony's Key Resort. I like this one because the diver seems to be balancing herself on the gorgonian coral in front of the sunburst      This photograph was taken in Roatan at Anthony's Key Resort. I like this one because as the diver was swimming by, I got him in the picture before he swam behind the barrel sponge      I photographed this one off of San Clemente Island in the kelp forest. The kelp forest was so thick that you had to navigate yourself very slowly or you would become entangled      Herbivorous fish, such as the colorful butterfly fish, as well as sea urchins, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and numerous species of mollusks, feed on algae      This photograph was taken in Roatan at Anthony's Key Resort, where we were fortunate to experience the dolphin dive encounter. Hiding in the numerous caves and crevices of a reef are predatory animals, cush as small crabs, wrasses, moray eels, and sharks. The numerous microhabitats and the productivity of the reefs support a great diversity of fishes

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